Sorption Kinetics for the Removal of Cadmium and Zinc onto Palm Kernel Shell Based Activated Carbon
The kinetics and mechanism of cadmium and zinc adsorption on palm kernel shell based activated carbons (PKSAC) have been studied. A series of batch laboratory studies were conducted in order to investigate the suitability of palm kernel shell based activated carbon (PKSAC) for the removal of cadmium (cadmium ions) and zinc (zinc ions) from their aqueous solutions. All batch experiments were carried out at pH 7.0 and a constant temperature of 30+-1°C using an incubator shaker that operated at 150 rpm. The kinetics investigated includes the pseudo first order, the pseudo-second order and the intraparticle diffusion models. The pseudo-second order model correlate excellently the experimental data, suggesting that chemisorption processes could be the rate-limiting step.Keywords: adsorption, cadmium, kinetics, palm kernel shell, zinc
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 7, No 4 (2010): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Chemical Engineering Department, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Karakteristik Pembakaran Beberapa Jenis Biomassa dalam Fluidized Bed Boiler
boiler unggun terfluidisasi; karakteristik pembakaran; ruang bakar; freeboard; temperatur pembakaran maksimum
Pembakaran biomassa dalam rangka memproduksi energi termal untuk menghasilkan utilitas lain dapat dilakukan dengan mengkonversi energi tersebut ke bentuk energi lain. Boiler dengan unggun terfluidisasi dipilih sebagai teknologi konversi energi termal menjadi energi listrik, karena kukus yang diproduksi dapat digunakan untuk menggerakkan turbin yang dikopling dengan generator listrik. Unit dimana proses pembakaran berlangsung, yaitu ruang bakar dan freeboard dipilih sebagai target pengamatan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja boiler tersebut. Hasil pengamatan terhadap pembakaran tiga jenis biomassa, serpihan kayu ketam, kulit pinang dan ranting kayu kering, memperlihatkan bahwa masing-masing jenis biomassa memiliki karakteristik pembakaran tersendiri. Temperatur pembakaran maksimum untuk serpihan kayu ketam dan ranting kayu kering didapatkan pada waktu pembakaran 30 detik, sementara untuk kulit pinang pada 20 detik. Hasil yang sangat menarik adalah ditemukan bahwa temperatur maksimum dapat ditingkatkan dengan mengubah sistem pengumpan bahan bakar. Sistem pengumpan antara memberikan temperatur maksimum yang lebih tinggi dibanding dengan sistem pengumpan biasa.
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 10, No 1 (2014): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Copyright (c) 2015 Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Produksi Bioplastik dari Sorgum dan Selulosa Secara Termoplastik
bioplastik; rumput laut eucheuma spinosum; sorgum; selulosa
Produksi bioplastik dari sorgum dan selulosa hasil ekstraksi rumput laut eucheuma spinosum dengan gliserol sebagai pemplastis secara termoplastik telah diteliti. Variabel yang diteliti adalah perbandingan massa pati sorgum dengan selulosa sebesar 10:0; 9,5:0,5; 8,5:1,5; 7,5:2,5; 6,5:3,5; 5,5:4,5 (w/w). Partikel pati sorgum dan selulosa berukuran lolos ayakan 63 ?m. Proses sintesis diawali dengan sonifikasi selama 60 menit pada suhu 80oC, dilanjutkan dengan gelatinisasi yang dijalankan di dalam reaktor batch berpengaduk pada kecepatan 916 rpm dan suhu 95oC selama 35 menit. Hasilnya dikeringkan di dalam oven bersuhu 60oC selama 8 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik bioplastik terbaik diperoleh ketika perbandingan massa pati-selulosa sebesar 6,5:3,5 (w/w). Bioplastik ini memiliki kuat tarik 11,53 kPa, perpanjangan 32,75%, Modulus Young 46,946 kPa, dan densitas 150 kg/m3. Film bioplastik ini dapat diaplikasikan untuk pengemas makanan dan industri obat-obatan.
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 10, No 2 (2014): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Kajian tentang Kemungkinan Pemanfaatan Bahan Serat Ijuk sebagai Bahan Penyerap Suara Ramah Lingkungan
The probability of application of palm fibre from arenga pinnata appear as best treatment for sound absorption material which can be used in controlling noise. The objective of this study is to determine sound absorption coefficient value of palm fibre through a testing the absorbent material, by applying sabine reverberation time formulation in reverberation chamber at Thermal and acoustics laboratory Syiah Kuala University. Result of this study show that sound absorption coefficient value is obtained 0.97, at 2000 Hz. Whereas thickness of material 20 cm with density of 150 kg/m3. Addition of density can increase sound absorption coefficient value in frequency range 1/3 octave. Proven that a comparison palm fibre and artificial material and consequently palm give better quality values because it economic value and friendly environment.Keywords: palm fiber, reverberation chamber, sound absorption coefficient
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 7, No 2 (2009): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Produksi Hidrogen Secara Fotokalitik dari Air Murni Pada Katalis NaTaO3
Study of hydrogen production as a green energy on NaTaO3 photocatalyst has been done. The aim of this work is to study the photocatalytic properties of NaTaO3 and NiO incorporated NaTaO3 used in water splitting reaction. The NaTaO3 powder with high crystallinity has been synthesized by a H2O2-asissted sol-gel route calcined at a temperature of 900 oC. NiO as a cocatalyst is deposited by impregnation of Ni(NO3)2.6H2O solution. The catalysts are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and diffuse reflectance UV-Vis (DR-UV-Vis). The photocatalysts have a band gap energy ca. 4.01 and 4.00 eV (corresponding to absorption edge of 310 and 311 nm). Photocatalytic activity towards hydrogen generation from water is investigated using a glass reactor under ultra violet (UV) light illumination. Photocatalytic of H2 and O2 production on the pristine NaTaO3 are 0.61 and 0.30 mmol g-1 cat.h-1, respectively. The activities are greatly enhanced 8.5 times higher by the incorporation of NiO as cocatalysts on the prepared oxides. NiO is found to give rise to more efficient photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution. The NaTaO3 nanoparticles produces using this facile have: better crystallinity, smaller size, and higher photocatalytic activity.Keywords: Sodium tantalum oxide; Nickel oxide; Sol-gel; impregnation; Hydrogen evolution
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 9, No 2 (2012): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; 51-56
Sintesa dan Karakteristik Sifat Mekanik Karet Nanokomposit
Peningkatan sifat mekanik karet alam dengan penambahan tanah liat nanokomposit pada kosentrasi berbeda yaitu 1, 3 dan 5 % berat sudah berhasil diteliti. Pada percobaan ini pengujian dilakukan dengan X-Ray Difraction (X-RD) untuk analisa morphologi dan Instron untuk analisa uji tarik. Penambahan tanah liat nanokomposit kedalam matrik polimer adalah untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik dari material asli dan juga untuk menghasilkan suatu produk polimer yang lebih murah. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah terjadinya peningkatan yang drastis terhadap basal spacing dari matrik polimer dan menunjukkan intercalasi diantara polimer dengan pengisinya. Uji tarik juga menununjukkan peningkatan yang sangat signifikan yaitu 14.983 MPa pada karet alam menjadi 40.178 MPa pada karet alam-tanah liat nanokomposit 5% berat.Kata kunci: karet alam, sifat mekanik, tanah liat nanokomposit
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 6, No 1 (2007): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; 1-6
Production of Valuables Organic Acids from Organic Wastes with Hydrothermal Treatment Process
This article reports production of valuables organic acids from the hydrothermal treatment of representative organic wastes and compounds (i. e. domestic sludge, proteinaceous, cellulosic and plastic wastes) with or without oxidant (H2O2). Organic acids such as acetic, formic, propionic, succinic and lactic acids were obtained in significant amounts. At 623 K (16.5 MPa), acetic acid of about 26 mg/g-dry waste fish entrails was obtained. This increased to 42 mg/g dry waste fish entrails in the presence of H2O2. Experiments on glucose to represent cellulosic wastes were also carried out, getting acetic acid of about 29 mg/g-glucose. The study was extended to terephthalic acid and glyceraldehyde, reaction intermediates of hydrothermal treatment of PET plastic wastes and glucose, respectively. Studies on temperature dependence of formation of organic acids showed thermal stability of acetic acid, whereas, formic acid decomposed readily under hydrothermal conditions. In general, results demonstrated that the presence of oxidants favored formation of organic acids with acetic acid being the major product. Keywords: hydrothermal treatment, organic acids, organic wastes, oxidant, supercritical water oxidation
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 7, No 1 (2009): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Produksi Aluminium Sulfat dari Kaolin dan Asam Sulfat Dalam Reaktor Berpengaduk Menggunakan Proses Kering
Aluminium sulphate is form by reacting alumina which contains in kaolin with sulphuric acid solution in a stirred reactor. Reaction occurs in variance of different time and temperature. The result of reaction is paste aluminium which will be extracted about 3 times using hot aquadest and consentration of aluminum analized by titrimetric methode. Time, temperature and ratio of sulphuric acid and kaolin in reaction have a lot effect to conversion value result, while sulphuric acid concentration and speed of agitation are not too effected. Process condition which is about to be good is temperature 180 oC, reaction time 90 minutes, ratio of sulphuric acid and kaolin is 3:1, sulphuric acid concentration 65% and speed of agitation 350 rpm. Converted aluminum can reach 82%.Keywords: Aluminum sulphate, Dry process, Kaolin, Sulphuric acid, Stirred reactor
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 8, No 1 (2011): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Pemisahan Unsur Samarium dan Yttrium dari Mineral Tanah Jarang dengan Teknik Membran Cair Berpendukung (Supported Liquid Membrane)
he increasing use of rare earth elements in high technology industries needs to be supported by developmental work for the separation of elements. The research objective is fiercely attracting and challenging considering the similarity of bath physical and chemical properties among these elements. The rate separation of samarium and yttrium elements using supported liquid membrane has been studied. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with pore size of 0.45 µm has been used as the membrane and di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (D2EHP) in hexane has been used as a carrier and nitric acid solution has been used as receiving phase. Result of experiments showed that the best separation rate of samarium and yttrium elements could be obtained at feeding phase of pH 3.0, di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (D2EHP) concentration of 0.3 M, agitation rate of 700 rpm, agitation time of 2 hours, and nitric acid and its solution concentrations of 1.0 M and 0.1 M, respectively. At this condition, separation rates of samarium and yttrium were 64.4 and 67.6%, respectively. Keywords: liquid membrane, rare earth elements, samarium, yttrium
Prediction of Water Loss During Potato Vacuum Frying Process
Vacuum frying may be a good alternative for the production of dehydrated fruit and vegetable slices. In this study, a relationship between water losses with frying time during vacuum frying process of potato chips has been developed. A first order kinetic model was used, in which drying rate constant is a function of the main process variables, i.e. oil temperature, sample thickness and vacuum pressure. The experimental data of Garayo and Moreira (2000) have been used to validate the model. Generally there was a good agreement between the calculated results and the experimental data. Then, the effect of initial water content and vacuum pressure has been studied.Keywords: kinetic model, potato, vacuum frying, water loss
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 6, No 2 (2007): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; 82-86