Pengaruh Nozzle Terhadap Aspek Hidrodinamika Kinerja Kolom Gelembung Pancaran
Kolom gelembung pancaran; kedalaman penetrasi gelembung; holdup gas; gas entrainment
Kolom gelembung pancaran merupakan salah satu alat perpindahan massa antara fasa gas dan cair. Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk mempelajari pengaruh nozzle terhadap aspek hidrodinamika antara lain: kedalaman penetrasi gelembung (Z), holdup gas (eg), dan laju alir volumetrik gas entrainment (Ql) yang terjadi dalam kolom gelembung pancaran. Variabel proses yang dipelajari antara lain laju alir volumetrik cairan (10-50 L/menit), ukuran diameter nozzle (0,008-0,0127 m), dan tinggi nozzle (0,125-0,25 m). Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa ukuran diameter nozzle semakin kecil dan laju alir volumetrik cairan yang semakin besar menghasikan laju alir volumetrik gas entrainment, holdup gas, dan kedalaman penetrasi gelembung yang semakin besar.
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 10, No 2 (2014): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Chemical Engineering Department, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2015 Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Studi Analisis Serbuk dengan Teknik Krim Silikon Menggunakan Plasma Tekanan Tinggi yang Diinduksi oleh Laser Nd: YAG
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a technique that used for quantitative elemental analysis of various samples in different forms. In this technique, a laser light is focused on the surface of sample yielding a plasma just above the sample surface that used for analytical source. Nowadays, rapid powder analysis in tiny amount (mg) has been carried out using plasma induced by high power laser of Nd:YAG (Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet) at atmospheric pressure. However, powder analysis using high power laser is still difficult to be carried out due to blow of powder when irradiated laser beam focused on a powder sample. In general, the powder must be transformed into pellet form prior to analysis. Pellet sample requires a lot of powder and it takes time for preparation. In this study, we developed a technique of powder sample with its size about 30 µm (± 5 mg) that mixed with silicon grease (± 5 mg) that act as a binder. The mixed sample then thinly painted on the metal plate as sub-target. The study showed that by employing sillicon grease technique, a semiquantitative analysis of several elements contain in coal, rock, and water can be conducted. Meanwhile heavy metal in soils is still not able to detect. This results showed that sillicon grease technique using Nd:YAG laser can be applied for rapid semi-quantitative analysis of powder samples available only in tiny amounts.Keywords: high pressured plasma, Nd:YAG laser, powder analysis, silicon grease technique
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 9, No 2 (2012): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; 74-80
Produksi Etanol Proses Sinambung dengan Schizosaccharomyces Pombe
Ethanol is one of fermentation products which are mostly used as solvent in pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Ethanol production by fermentation generally uses yeast from Saccharomyces and Schizosaccharomyces. The fermentation of ethanol by both processes yields great quantities of ethanol. Optimum productivity in ethanol fermentation by continuous process using Schizosaccharomyces pombe was obtained at initial substrate concentration of 200g/L, with value as much of 7.342g/L·hour at dilution rate of 0.1/hour, 4.643 g/L·hour at dilution rate of 0,06/hour and 3.213g/L·hour at dilution rate of 0.04/hour. The highest value of ethanol coefficient YP/S obtained at initial substrate concentration of 100g/L was as much of 0.461 at batch process, while values of ethanol coefficient YP/S obtained were in the range of 0,477-0,511 in continuous process, which were higher than those of batch process.Keywords: continuous process, ethanol, schizosaccharomyces pombe
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 7, No 2 (2009): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Sintesis Membran Poliuretan dari Asam Lemak Bebas Teroksidasi Tolulen Diisosianat
Polyurethane (PU) membranes was prepared by reacting the free fatty acids and fatty acids that have been oxidazed from castor oil with a 2,4-toluen di-isocyanate (TDI). He effect of of monomer composition, temperature, and polymerization time was studied on the performances of flat sheet membrane. Experimental results showed that the optimum conditions of the membrane synthesis from free fatty acid by oxidation-methylation was obtained at ratio of 1.2: 0.56 (mol / mol), temperature of 100 °C and polymerization time of 5 minutes. The resulting membranes are transparent, elastic, homogeneous, robust and has a glass transition point of 127.4 ° C and had stensile strength about 41.7 MPa. Infraredspectrum (IR) observation showed that the persistence of the peak –CO from -NCO at wavenumber 2272.9 cm-1, whereas the -OH group was disaapear at wave numbers 3100-3300 cm-1. This indicated that the polymerization reaction of PU membrane synthesis from free fatty acids was done successfully.Keyword: Castor oil, free fatty acids, inframerah (IR), 2,4-tolulen di-isocyianat (TDI)
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 9, No 1 (2012): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; 20-24
Pembuatan Katalis Padat ZrO2/Al2O3 untuk Produksi Biodiesel dari Minyak Jarak
Biodiesel is one of the alternative energy to replace petroleum diesel. Biodiesel is produced by transesterification of vegetable oil into alkyl ester and glycerol as by-product. The vegetable oil based put biodiesel as a renewable and environmentally friend energy source. Research on making of solid catalyst ZrO2/Al2O3 for biodiesel production from jatropha oil has been done. The catalysts were prepared by impregnation method with different amount of Zr (2, 5, 15, and 20%) and the components were characterized by using XRD. Transesterification reaction was done by reacting jatropha oil with methanol and catalyst with the ratio of oil to methanol of 1:6, reaction temperature of 60oC, and reaction time of 3 hours. Biodiesel produced were analyzed for their yield and composition using GC-MS. The biodiesel products were also characterized for their viscosity, density, acidic and saponification value. Characterization of catalysts showed that components of synthesized ZrO2/Al2O3 were ZrO, ZrO2, and Al2O3. The highest yield of biodiesel produced was resulted from transesterification reaction using catalyst with 2% Zr. GC-MS results showed that methyl esters of biodiesel produced confirmed with fatty acids in jatropha oil with methyl oleic is the highest. Characteristic of the biodiesel has met the quality standard of ASTM, prEN and SNI.Keywords: biodiesel, katalis, minyak jarak, ZrO2/Al2O3
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 7, No 3 (2010): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Pembuatan Papan Komposit dari Plastik Daur Ulang dan Serbuk Kayu serta Jerami Sebagai Filler
Production of composites was done by mixing the filler and matrix. The common matrix used to produce composite is plastic ore with types of poly propylene, poly ethylene and others. To know the characteristics of composite boards made from recycled plastic type poly ethylene so this research was conducted. This research aims to create a composite board made of solid waste sawdust and straw as a filler and recycled plastics as the matrix and to find out more details of the influence of variable solid waste types and ratio of solid waste weight and plastic toward the quality of the composite board product. Composite board manufacturing process was carried out by hot press method at a temperature of 145 oC for 20 minutes. The composite board products are tested on value of hardness, tensile strength, and thermal value. The results showed that the use of sawdust as a filler resulted the composite hardness value that is better (R79,5) compared with straw (R67) at a ratio of filler composition: matrix of 80:20 respectively. The use of sawdust also gives the value of tensile strength of 6.86 MPa that is better than the using a straw that valued of 3.62 MPa at composition ratio of filler: to matrix (60:40). Largest amount of heat needed to melt the composite boards are 31.19 J/g and 14.02 J/g at composition ratio sawdust: recycled plastics of 80:20 and at composition ratio straw: recycled plastics of 80:20, respectively. Visually composite board with a composition of sawdust:plastic HDPE 50:50 looks better with bright colors and shiny.Keywords: Composite, Solid waste, Plastic, Matrix, Filler, Poly ethylene
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 8, No 1 (2011): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Use of Reactive Distillation for Biodiesel Production: A Literature Survey
Biodiesel; Reaction; Reactive Distillation; Separation
Biodiesel has been shown to be the best substitute for fossil-based fuels to its environmental advantages and renewable resource availability. There is a great demand for the commercialization of biodiesel production, which in turn calls for a technically and economically reactor technology. The production of biodiesel in existing batch and continuous-flow processes requires excess alcohol, typically 100%, over the stoichiometric molar requirement in order to drive the chemical reaction to completion. In this study, a novel reactor system using a reactive distillation (RD) technique was discussed for biodiesel production. RD is a chemical unit operation in which chemical reactions and separations occur simultaneously in one unit. It is an effective alternative to the classical combination of reactor and separation units especially when involving reversible or consecutive chemical reactions such as transesterication process in biodiesel production.
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 5, No 1 (2006): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; 21-27
Penggunaan Katalis NaOH dalam Proses Transesterifikasi Minyak Kemiri menjadi Biodiesel
Research on biodiesel production from hazelnut oil by transesterification process using NaOH catalyst was one of the efforts for renewable energy research. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of NaOH catalyst and the ratio of hazelnut oil to methanol on the production of biodiesel via transesterification process. The transesterification process was carried out in a stirred reactor equipped by a condenser with speed of 200 rpm, temperature of 60°C and the operating time of 90 minutes. The results indicated that biodiesel could be produced from hazelnut oil through transesterification process with the highest yield of 81.7% that was obtained on the use of 2% wt. of NaOH catalyst and the mole ratio of oil to methanol of 1:9. Viscosity, density, and acid number of biodiesel obtained in this study met the Indonesia National Standard for biodiesel as SNI 04-7182-2006, therefore hazelnut oil produced biodiesel could potentially be an alternative diesel fuel.Keywords: hazelnut oil, biodiesel, transesterification, NaOH catalyst
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 8, No 2 (2011): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; 73-78
Pembuatan Papan Partikel (Particle Board) dari Tandan Kosong Sawit dengan Perekat Kulit Akasia dan Gambir
The need of wood as one of raw materials in furniture industry keeps increasing. One of efforts to reduce wood consumption is to develop research by creating composite design from material that contains sellulose to be particle board. Particle board is one of material alternatives that can be wood substitute. The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of natural-adhesive-mixture composition (acacia bark and gambier) with oil-palm-empty bunch toward mechanical property of particle board. Characterization of particle board was carried out by undertaking mechanical property testing (tensile strength and compressive strength) under wet and dry conditions. Composition variations of adhesive and oil-palm-empty bunch were 30:70; 40:60; 50:50; 60:40; 70:30. Making process of particle board is carried out by mixing oil-palm-empty bunch and adhesive with addition of 2% para-formaldehyde and water as much of 10%. Furthermore, the mixture is compressed by using Hot Press at temperature of 150oC and pressure of 10 kg/cm2 for 15 minutes. The research result indicates that the higher the adhesive composition (either adhesives of acacia bark or gambier), particle board resulted is better. In dry condition, values of the tensile strength of particle boards that have acacia bark adhesive and gambier adhesive have range of 84.2 - 104 Kgf/cm2 and 83.4 - 81.5 kg/cm2, respectively. Whereas, values of compressive strength of particle boards that have adhesives of acacia bark and gambier are in the range of 6.8 - 10.5 kg/cm2 and 6.3 - 9.3 kg/cm2, respectively. The values of tensile strength and compressive strength are obtained on compositions of adhesive: oil-palm-empty bunch ≥ 40:60, and they have fulfilled satandard of SNI 03-2105-1996. The values of tensile strength and compressive strength of particle board in wet condition, either adhesives of acacia bark or gambier, have not fulfilled standard of SNI 03-2105-1996.Keywords: empty-bunch-oil palm, acacia bark, gambier, particle board, tensile strength
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 9, No 3 (2013): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Nanocrystalline Zeolite Y: Synthesis and Heavy Metal Removal
Lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) are common groundwater contaminants at industrial installation. Zeolites are widely use as an adsorbent in heavy metal removal. Nanocrystalline zeolite Y has been synthesised from a clear solution at 1500C by using aluminum isopropoxide (Al(OiPr)3 and Ludox LS as alumina and silica source, tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) and tetramethyl ammonium bromide (TMABr) as first and second organic template, respectively. The products were characterised by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to identify the structure and particle sizes. After 48 hours synthesis time, nanocrystalline zeolite Y samples were obtained with approximately average particle sizes of 268 and 119 nm for one and two organic templates, respectively. The synthesized nanocrystalline zeolite Y was applied for some metal adsorption including Pb(II) and Cr(III) and the results show that the nano crystal samples have good performance. The removal efficiency for Pb and Cr could be up to 88.97% depending on the initial concentration and temperature. The adsorption isotherms of Cr and Pb were determined from the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The equilibrium sorption capacities (Qe) from the Langmuir equation were 270.27 mg/g and 204.08 mg/g at 300C for Pb and Cr, respectively. Kinetic adsorption analysis of nanozeolite Y shows that the pseudo second order kinetics would be better for fitting the dynamic adsorption of both Cr and Pb cations.Key words: adsorption isotherms, kinetic adsorption analysis, nanocrystalline zeolite Y
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 6, No 2 (2007): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; 55-62