Ekstraksi Oleoresin dari Limbah Penyulingan Pala Menggunakan Ultrasonik
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh ukuran partikel limbah penyulingan pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) dan suhu ekstraksi terhadap rendemen dan mutu oleoresin pala yang dihasilkan pada proses ekstraksi pelarut menggunakan bantuan ultrasonik. Etanol mutu teknis (technical grade) digunakan sebagai pelarut. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial dengan ulangan sebagai kelompok yang terdiri dari ukuran partikel bahan (P) yaitu P1= 10 mesh, P2= 40 mesh dan P3= 60 mesh dan suhu ekstraksi (S) yaitu S1= 40oC, S2= 50oC dan S3= 60oC. Analisis oleoresin pala yang dilakukan meliputi analisis awal (kadar air dan kadar abu) dan analisis akhir (bobot jenis, indeks bias, dan sisa pelarut). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ukuran partikel dan suhu ekstraksi berpengaruh terhadap rendemen dan mutu oleoresin yang dihasilkan. Rendemen tertinggi sebesar 7,16% diperoleh pada ukuran partikel 10 mesh dan suhu 60oC. Hasil analisis bobot jenis oleoresin menunjukkan bahwa bobot jenis tertinggi yaitu 1,250 dihasilkan pada suhu ekstraksi 50oC. Sementara itu, hasil analisis indeks bias oleoresin menunjukkan bahwa ukuran partikel dan suhu ekstraksi memberikan pengaruh yang sangat nyata terhadap oleoresin pala dimana ukuran partikel 40 mesh pada suhu ekstraksi 40oC dan 60oC serta ukuran partikel 60 mesh pada suhu 50oC memiliki nilai indeks bias yang lebih tinggi yaitu berkisar antara 1,476 hingga 1,480. Hasil analisis sisa pelarut juga menunjukkan bahwa ukuran partikel dan suhu ekstraksi berpengaruh terhadap tingginya sisa pelarut, dimana ukuran partikel 10 mesh mengandung sisa pelarut 0,229% dan suhu ekstraksi 40oC mengandung sisa pelarut 0,265%.
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 9, No 4 (2013): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Chemical Engineering Department, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
A Comparison of Energy Profile between Castilla Leon, Spain and Aceh, Indonesia
A comparative study on energy production and consumption between Aceh, Indonesia and Castilla León, Spain has been conducted. Analysis was carried out on the statistical data such as population, GDP, energy production and energy consumption. Some interesting results were obtained. An average energy production during 2001 – 2004 in Aceh is up to 28 times of the average energy production in Castilla León; however, the average energy consumption during those four years is only 16.74% of the average energy consumption of Castilla León. Aceh's average GDP from 2001 to 2004 is 3,357.16 million Euros, stands at only 8.15% of Castilla León's average GDP about 41,175.75 million Euros.Keywords: economic growth, final energy consumption, GDP, primary energy production
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 7, No 4 (2010): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Sanitary Landfilling – A Key Component of Waste Management
In many affluent countries waste management is experiencing a fast transition from landfilling to sophisticated recycling and waste to energy plants. Thus, landfilling of waste becomes less important in these countries. The present paper discusses whether a similar development will take place in transition economies, or waste management systems will mainly rely on landfilling in the near future. For this purpose, the current waste management practices and associated environmental impacts as well as the economic situation of different countries in economic transition are analyzed. Based on the status quo, scenarios for improving waste management are developed and evaluated. Criteria for evaluation are economic parameters, and indicators pointing out if the goals of waste management (protection of human health and the environment, the conservation of resources), are reached. Based on the results of selected case studies, it is shown that for regions that can afford less than 20 €/capita and year for waste management, landfilling will remain a key component of waste management, since other disposal options such as waste to energy or mechanical biological pretreatment are too expensive. In addition, the results indicate that in many of these countries waste collection still represents a main challenge.Keywords: sanitary landfilling, transition economies, waste management strategies
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 9, No 3 (2013): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Spore Production of Biocontrol Agent Trichoderma Harzianum: Effect of C/N ratio and Glucose Concentration
Effects of medium condition on spore production and spore viability of Trichoderma harzianum UPM 29 isolated from oil palm rhizosphere were studied. The carbon to nitrogen (CN) ratio and glucose concentration have significant effect on spore production and spore viability of the fungus. Highest spore production (1.6x108spores/ml) was obtained in a medium containing 30 g/l glucose with a CN ratio of 24. The highest spore viability (52.5%) was produced in the culture grown on media with glucose concentration of 30 g/l and with a C/N ratio of 44.Keywords: biocontrol agent, biofungicide, spore viability, Trichoderma harzianum
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 6, No 1 (2007): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; 35-40
Membran Polisulfon untuk Pengolahan Air: Dengan dan Tanpa Pra Perlakuan Koagulasi secara Ultrafiltrasi
membran polisulfon; karakterisasi; kinerja dan proses koagulasi
Membran polisulfon untuk pengolahan air telah dilakukan untuk mengurangi warna air dengan proses koagulasi dan tanpa proses koagulasi. Membran ultrafiltrasi polisulfone telah dikarakte-risasi dengan mengukur fluks, permeability (Lp), dan MWCO dengan bebagai variasi berat molekul dekstran. Morfologi membran diobservasi dengan scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Analisis SEM dilakukan terhadap permukaan membran dan penampang melintang membran. Proses koagulasi optimum dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat jar test, diperoleh kondisi optimum pada 50 ppm Al2(SO4)3 dan pH 7. Indeks warna rejeksi diperoleh dengan koagulasi adalah 85% dan tanpa koagulasi adalah 62%.
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 10, No 1 (2014): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Copyright (c) 2015 Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Pengolahan Limbah Cair Organik dengan Microbial Fuel Cell
limbah cair organik; microbial fuel cell; penyisihan COD; energi listrik; elektroda serat karbon
Penelitian ini mengusulkan sebuah prototipe reaktor microbial fuel cell (MFC) tanpa membran beraliran kontinyu. Dinding Reaktor dibuat dari pipa PVC dan elektroda dari serat karbon. Mikroba yang ditambatkan di anoda bersumber dari larutan FloTank®. Pada penelitian ini digunakan limbah organik artifisial yang dibuat dari glukosa monohidrat dengan konsentrasi 250 mg/L COD. Waktu tinggal limbah divariasikan pada 0,5; 1; 1,5; dan 2 hari. Nilai rata-rata daya listrik yang dihasilkan untuk waktu tinggal limbah 0,5; 1; 1,5; dan 2 hari berturut-turut adalah 38,02; 43,01; 45,35; 46,71 mW/m2, dan daya volumetrik yang dihasilkan adalah 111,25; 125,86; 132,71; dan 136,69 mW/m3. Persentase penurunan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) limbah paling tinggi diperoleh pada waktu tinggal 1,5 hari yaitu sebesar 32,26%.
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 10, No 2 (2014): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Penggunaan Microsoft Excel dalam Memprediksi Aliran Fluida dalam Packed Bed
Flow distribution is often a problem in the operation of the packed bed reactor. The problem is often referred as flow maldistribution and formation of localized hot spot region. This research is generally aimed to predict fluid flow distribution in the packed bed containing porous media by finite difference method using the software MS. Excel. Model verification result shows conformity between analytic method and result of calculation. Simple study of the finite difference method using the software MS. Excel can describe the fluid velocity profile in a packed bed containing porous media. This profile is similar with experiment of Kufner and Hofmann (1990) and Stephenson and Stewart (1986). The simulation was performed to determine the effect of process variables on the fluid flow velocity profile. Particle diameter influences fluid flow velocity. Bulk porosity also influences fluid flow velocity at axis up to certain distance from wall of reactor. Keywords: finite difference method, flow distribution, packed bed reactor
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 9, No 2 (2012): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; 81-87
Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Crude Palm Oil Off Grade
The esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) found in crude palm oil (CPO) off grade with methanol is a promising technique to convert FFA into valuable fatty acid methyl ester (FAME, biodiesel) and obtain a FFA-free oil that can be further transesterified using alkali bases. In this work, the effects of the main variables involved in the esterification process i.e. alcohol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, agitation speed and the initial amount of FFA of oil, were studied in the presence of sulphuric acid as catalyst at concentration of 1%-w. The experimental results show that the esterification process could lead to a practical and cost effective FFA removal unit in front of typical oil transesterification for biodiesel production.Keywords: CPO off grade, esterification, free fatty acid
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 7, No 2 (2009): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
Pengaruh Rasio Aditif Polietilen Glikol Terhadap Selulosa Asetat pada Pembuatan Membran Selulosa Asetat Secara Inversi Fasa
Preparation of cellulose acetate (CA) membranes with ultrafiltration process had be done by phase inversion using dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent. Poliethylene glycol (PEG) 1450 Da, as additive, was added with 10, 20, and 30% rasio of celluose acetate. The thin film of polymer solution was immersed on water bath coagulation at room temperature. The analysis of membrane morphology structure by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) JSM – 5310 LV, Jeol-Japan showed the asymetric of membrane. The addition of PEG can improve the performance of the membrane. In resulting flux is higher than membranes without PEG. Increasing of PEG/CA ratio resulted in the higher flux with lower of rejection. The higher fluxes of water, dextran, and BSA are 146, 114, and 96 L/m2hr with 52,938 and 75,716% rejection for dextran and BSA.Keywords: cellulose acetate membranes, polyethylene glycol, ultrafiltration
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 9, No 1 (2012): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; 25-29
Economic Analysis in Series-Distillation Desalination
The ability to produce potable water economically is the primary purpose of seawater desalination research. Reverse osmosis (RO) and multi-stage flash (MSF) cost more than potable water produced from fresh water resources. Therefore, this research investigates a high-efficiency mechanical vapor-compression distillation system that employs an improved water flow arrangement. The incoming salt concentration was 0.15% salt for brackish water and 3.5% salt for seawater, whereas the outgoing salt concentration was 1.5% and 7%, respectively. Distillation was performed at 439 K and 722 kPa for both brackish water feed and seawater feed. Water costs of the various conditions were calculated for brackish water and seawater feeds using optimum conditions considered as 25 and 20 stages, respectively. For brackish water at a temperature difference of 0.96 K, the energy requirement is 2.0 kWh/m3. At this condition, the estimated water cost is $0.39/m3 achieved with 10,000,000 gal/day distillate, 30-year bond, 5% interest rate, and $0.05/kWh electricity. For seawater at a temperature difference of 0.44 K, the energy requirement is 3.97 kWh/m3 and the estimated water cost is $0.61/m3. Greater efficiency of the vapor compression system is achieved by connecting multiple evaporators in series, rather than the traditional parallel arrangement. The efficiency results from the gradual increase of salinity in each stage of the series arrangement in comparison to parallel. Calculations using various temperature differences between boiling brine and condensing steam show the series arrangement has the greatest improvement at lower temperature differences.Keywords: desalination, dropwise condensation, mechanical-vapor compression
Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan; Vol 7, No 3 (2010): Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan